Sicilian Civilisation

After breakfast, we drive out to the rolling hills, where we find the ancient Greek city of Segesta, home to an elegant but unfinished 5th century BC Doric temple and the remains of an impressive hilltop theatre. This afternoon we make our way to Monreale, the former hunting ground of the Norman kings of Sicily. Here, we discover an opulent Norman-Byzantine cathedral and abbey, founded by King William II in 1174. The site recently achieved UNESCO World Heritage status thanks to its stunning construction and mosaic work – a brilliant testament to the former opulence of Norman rule.

Today is ours to explore the wonders of Palermo. We start at the Archaeological Museum, which houses one of the most significant collections of Punic and Ancient Greek art in all of Italy. Here, we find famous metopes from the Selinus temples, as well as a fascinating array of artefacts discovered underwater. Later, we visit the beautifully decorated church of La Martorana and the neighbouring Chiesa di San Cataldo. After lunch, we visit Palermo Cathedral, a 12th century construction that replaced a Moorish mosque and which houses the tombs of some of the Norman Kings. This evening we enjoy a special private visit to the Cappella Palatina, an extravagant chapel, glittering with mosaics and gold leaf.

Today we visit the charming little port of Cefalù. It derives its name from the Greek cephaloedium, the term used to describe the head-shaped rock which dominates the town below. In 1131 Roger II founded a cathedral here, ostensibly as a thanksgiving for refuge on Cefalù's safe beach in a storm.  Inside, reused Roman columns and capitals support gothic arches and the presbytery and apse are decorated with stunning mosaics. In the afternoon we visit the archaeological park at Himera, site of the legendary battle between the Greeks and Carthaginians in 480 BCE. Excavations which took place in recent years have revealed an ancient necropolis with more than 12,000 almost untouched burials, an incredibly rare find in the ancient Greek world.

This morning we drive to Marsala, Carthaginian Lilybaeum, and visit the museum with its remains of a Carthaginian warship sank in the first Punic war, along with fascinating Punic funerary stelai. After lunch, we cross by boat to the island of Motya, a stronghold of the Phoenicians, sacked in 397 BC by the Syracusan tyrant Dionysius the Elder. While on Motya we visit the Archaeological Museum, taking time to admire its world-renowned statue of the charioteer, a striking sculpture from the early 5th century BC.

We start the day at the quarries of the Cave di Cusa, used by Selinus for their titanic temples. Their heavy work was abandoned in 409 BC when Carthaginians mercilessly sacked their city, a common refrain in the violent history of Sicily. We can still see the remnants of columns on site, sadly destined to remain both unfinished and in situ. We then travel on to Selinus itself to see the temples of the eastern sanctuary, including the incredible Temple G, one of the largest temples of the Greek world. We finish the day at the Acropolis of Selinus, dramatically positioned on plains overlooking the Mediterranean sea. Here we not only see remains of ancient temples, but of Punic housing inhabited by Carthaginians who took over the site after the sacking.

We spend a whole day exploring the magnificent remains of Agrigento today, the site of the ancient Greek city of Akragas. We take in the Valley of the Temples, a World Heritage Site of seven Doric sanctuaries, including the remarkably well-preserved Temple of Concord, with its elegant walls and columns. We also view the remains of the Temple of Olympian Zeus, another gigantic, Sicilian temple, with an unusual layout characterised by enormous telemons.

Our journey takes us through central Sicily, stopping at the magnificent Villa Romana del Casale in Piazza Armerina. This late antique villa is noted for its superb collection of mosaics – the largest in the world – which can now be viewed from a newly installed network of raised walkways. Here we find the famous depiction of the “Bikini Girls”, as well as lively images of hunting and ancient games. We proceed to Morgantina, a city founded by the native Sikels under their leader Ducetius. The last of the Sicilian towns to succumb to Roman rule, the city was later captured by slaves in the First Servile War in the Roman period. Morgantina has been the focus of intensive excavations in recent decades, and research here is still ongoing. We find an exciting collection of remains, including a bouleuterion – an ancient Greek political chamber – a theatre, kilns and houses complete with mosaics.

Today is all about Syracuse, which Cicero described as “the greatest Greek city and the most beautiful of them all”. We discover traces of Syracuse’s glorious past in the exceptional Paolo Orsi Archaeological Museum, where we will explore a staggering array of vases and statues, along with a unique treasury containing a collection of jewels and coins from the area. Later, we make our way to the Neapolis Archaeological Park, home to the Great Theatre where Aeschylus’ tragedies were once performed in the playwright’s presence. In the afternoon we walk around Ortygia, the oldest part of the ancient city, and the site of the remarkable 5th century BC Temple of Athena, which has been converted into the Cathedral of Our Lady’s Nativity.

Enjoy some free time exploring the wonderful island of Ortygia this morning. Later, we proceed to Noto, a baroque fantasy of a city that is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. We explore the city with its elaborate balconies and dramatically placed churches. This afternoon we visit the late Roman villa at Tellaro, which contains fine mosaics depicting scenes such as the ransom of Hector’s body, and a hunting scene reminiscent of those seen in Piazza Armerina.

This morning we drive to Catania and the Piazza del Duomo, Catania's principal square and a UNESCO World heritage site. The Duomo itself is one of Catania's grandest sights. The facade dates from the Baroque rebuilding of the town, although some of the earlier church did survive the earthquake of 1693. We will also visit the Roman theatre and Odeon. After lunch we drive to Taormina to visit the superbly situated Roman theatre.

We return to Catania for our flight back to London.